Pantnagar Journal of Research

Abstract

This study explores the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of wheat straw (WS), fruit peels and pulps (PP), and solid sewage sludge (SS) to produce hydrochar with enhanced fuel properties. Samples were collected, dried, ground, and sieved, then subjected to HTC at temperatures of 180^°C, 220^°C, and 260^°C for one hour. The hydrochars were analyzed for solid yield, high heating value (HHV), energy densification, fuel ratio, and surface morphology. Results indicated a decrease in solid yield with increasing temperature of all the hydrochars. WS and PP hydrochars showing increased HHV and energy densification with temperatures increase. SEM analysis revealed significant structural changes, including increased surface macropores and roughness, enhancing combustion properties. WS-260 and PP-260 hydrochars exhibited the highest potential as biofuels due to their high HHV, energy yield, and favorable morphological characteristics. Conversely, SS-derived hydrochars showed lower HHV but increased homogeneity and particle fragmentation. The findings suggest that HTC-treated WS and PP, particularly at 260^°C, can serve as sustainable and efficient solid biofuels, offering a viable alternative to traditional fossil fuels and contributing to effective waste management.