Pantnagar Journal of Research

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a crucial global cereal crop for food, feed, and industrial use. This study explored the introgression of Zea nicaraguensis into maize lines LM13 and LM14 to enhance kernel traits. The BC₁ F₂ individuals, were compared with diverse maize varieties, including hybrids, popcorn, inbreds, sweet corn, and composites. Kernel traits were assessed through qualitative and quantitative analyses. Results showed significant genetic diversity, with LM13 lines exhibiting greater kernel length variability and LM14 lines displaying diverse kernel colours. Flint kernels predominated, indicating resilience and suitability for breeding. Heritability analysis revealed moderate heritability for endosperm colour, while genetic advance values indicated substantial potential for improving kernel dimensions and hundred-seed weight. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified kernel dimension traits, colour of top of the grain and hundred-seed weight, and endosperm colour as key differentiators, highlighting the genetic diversity within BC₁ F₂ lines. This study underscored the importance of wild relatives in maize breeding, providing insights for developing resilient, high-performing maize varieties to support sustainable agriculture and food security.